The Brazilian National Household Sample
Survey (PNAD) studies on an annual and permanent basis the general
characteristics of the population, education, employment, income, housing and
other, with variable periodicity, according to the information needs of Brazil,
such as migration, fecundity, marriage status, health, food security, among
other themes. The PNAD 2011 shows that from 2009 to 2011, the real average
monthly income grew 8.3%. By income brackets, the largest increase in income
(29.2%) was seen in the 10% with lower incomes. Overall, there was a reduction
in income growth as its value increased.
PNAD 2011 shows the Gini coefficient in
Brazil decreased from 0.518 in 2009 to 0.501 in 2011. Regionally, only the
North saw an increase, from 0.488 in 2009 to 0.496 in 2011. In other regions
the increase in income was higher for the poorest, and lower for the 10% with
the highest incomes. A more significant reduction was seen in the South (from
0.482 to 0.461).
The real average monthly income of
permanent households was estimated at R$ 2,419.00 in 2011, representing a real
gain of 3.3% compared to 2009 (R$ 2,341.00). There was an increase of household
income in all major regions. The Northeast had the lowest variation (2.0%)
compared to 2009, as well as the lowest value (R$ 1,607.00).
Women's income amounted to 70.4% of men's
income. In 2011, the real average monthly income of men was R$ 1,417.00 and of
women was R$ 997.00. Proportionally, women received 70.4%. In 2009, the
proportion was 67.1%. In addition, there were proportionally more women
employed without income or only receiving benefits (10.0%) than men (5.8%).
Formal jobs increased 11.8% from 2009 to
2011. From 2009 to 2011, there was an increase of 3.6 million employees with a
formal contract in the private sector. 74.6% employees in the private sector
had a formal contract. The income of employed people grew from R$ 1,242.00 to
R$ 1,345.00, from 2009 to 2011. From 2009 to 2011, income of domestic workers
without a formal contract increased 15.2%.
There are an increased number of workers
with high school and university diplomas. From 2009 to 2011, the employed
population increased the percentage of workers with at least secondary
education (43.7% to 46.8%) and workers with at least a university degree (from
11.3% to 12.5%), while the percentage of workers with incomplete primary
education fell from 31.8% to 25.5%.
There is an increased number of employed
people in the sectors of services, trade and construction. The number rose 5.2%
in the service sector (41.5 million people), 1.9% in trade and repair (16.5
million) and 13.6% in construction (7.8 million), 2009 to 2011, while falls
were recorded from -7.3% in the agricultural sector (14.1 million) and -8.0% in
manufacturing (12.4 million).
The increase of employed people in 2011,
associated with the reduction of unemployed, brought as a result a significant
drop in the unemployment rate, which fell from 8.2% in 2009 to 6.7% in 2011. In
the South, PNAD saw the lowest unemployment rate (4.3%) and the highest in the
Northeast (7.9%). In 2011, approximately 6.6 million people were unemployed.
Despite the significant drop in the unemployment rate in Brazil, a greater
difficulty in entering the labor market still persists, for some groups. Of the
unemployed, 59.0% were women, 35.1% had never worked; 33.9% were between 18 and
24 years old, 57.6% were black or brown and 53.6% of them had not completed
school. PNAD also confirmed the downward trend in child labor (5-17 years) in
2011. In two years, there was a reduction of 14%. However, child labor reaches
3.7 million.
It was observed that the illiteracy rate
among people aged 15 or older in Brazil in 2011 was 8.6% (12.9 million
illiterates), 1.1 percentage points less than in 2009 (9,7%, 14.1 million
illiterates). 96.1% of the illiterate had 25 years or older. Of this group,
over 60% were 50 years or older (8.2 million).
Women are more educated than men,
especially between 20 and 24 years of age.
In 2011, the population aged 10 years or older had an average of 7.3
years of study. Women, in general, were more educated than men, with an average
of 7.5 years of schooling, while men had 7.1 years of schooling.
From 2009 to 2011, the school enrollment
rate of children between 6 and 14 years old increased by 0.6 percentage points,
reaching 98.2%. As for young people between 15 and 17 years, the percentage
dropped from 85.2% to 83.7%, in the same period.
In 2011, the resident population in
Brazil was estimated to be at 195.2 million, an increase of 1.8% (3.5 million)
compared to 2009. Women represented 51.5% (100.5 million) of the population and
men 48.5% (94.7 million). People 29 years old or younger accounted for 48.6% of
the population and those that are 60 years old or older, 12.1% in 2009, these values were, respectively, 50.2%
and 11.3%, indicating that the population is having an aging trend.
This and other information can be viewed
in full in the National
Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 2011(in Portuguese)
No comments:
Post a Comment